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PowerPoint Template CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE Group 4 Nguyễn Thị Hoàng My Nguyễn Thanh Tâm Nguyễn Thị Thanh Lê Hương Thảo Contents 2 The nature of dialogue The Mood element Other elements of Mood structure WH interrogative, exclamative and imperative clauses Modality Absence of elements of the modal structure Clause as Subject 4 1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE Functions of a clause 4 1 1 A message A clause An exchange Grammatical system MOOD Theme Rheme 4 1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE Speaker and listener in speec.
LOGO CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE Group Nguyễn Thị Hoàng My Nguyễn Thanh Tâm Nguyễn Thị Thanh Lê Hương Thảo Contents The nature of dialogue The Mood element Other elements of Mood structure WH-interrogative, exclamative and imperative clauses Modality Absence of elements of the modal structure Clause as Subject 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.1 Functions of a clause A message Theme A clause Rheme An exchange Grammatical system: MOOD 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.2 Speaker and listener in speech role Speaker: adopts himself a particular speech role Listener: adopts a complementary role in his turn e.g: In a question Speaker: the seeker of information Listener: the supplier of the information demanded 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.3 Role in exchange Speech role Giving Demanding Inviting to receive Inviting to give 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.4 Giving & Demanding Role in exchange Commodity exchanged Goods & services Information Giving Offer Would you like this teapot? Statement He’s giving her the teapot Demanding Command Give me that teapot! Question What’s he giving her? 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.5 Speech functions & Responses Response Expected Goods & services Information Offer Shall I give in this teapot? Acceptance Yes, Please Command Give me that teapot Undertaking Here you are Statement He’s giving her the teapot Acknowledgement Is he? Question What’s he giving her? Answer A teapot 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.5 Speech functions & Responses Examples Speaker Listener Would you like this teapot? Yes, I would/No, I wouldn’t Give me that teapot! All right, I will / No, I won’t He’s giving her the teapot? Yes, he is / No, he isn’t What is he giving her? A teapot / I don’t know 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.6 Information exchange and Goods-&-services exchange Listener Information exchange A wide rage of different responses to a question Carry out a command in different ways Refuse to answer the question Provide the good & services demanded Goods-&-services exchange Accept or reject the offer Obey or refuse the command 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.6 Information exchange and Goods-&-services exchange Examples - It’s Tuesday - Is it Tuesday - What day is it? – Oh, is it? – Yes, it is – Tuesday 4.2 Wh – exclamative These clauses have the WH-element what or how, in nominal or adverbial group What + complement How + adjunct Order: Subject – Finite Example: How neatly he Adjunct spreads Subject Finite Predicator his claws Complement 4.3 wh- Imperative Imperative is the mood of goods & service, its Subject is you, me or me and you Example Come here Predicator Adjunct Finite RESIDUE will you subject MOOD TAG MODALITY The Theintermediate intermediatedegrees degreesbetween betweenthe thepositive positiveand andnegative negativepoles poles Construes Construesthe theregion regionofofuncertainty uncertaintybetween between‘yes’ ‘yes’and and‘no’ ‘no’ Has Hasaadifferent differentsignificance significancefor forpropositions propositionsand andfor forproposals proposals MODALITY TYPES Modalization (for propositions) Modulation (for proposals) Modalization (for propositions) Probability Usuality -‘possibly/ probably/ certainly’ - ‘sometimes/ usually/ always’ -equivalent to ‘either yes or -equivalent to ‘both yes and no’, with different of degrees no’, with different degrees of of likelihood attached oftenness attached Ways to express modalization Probability (1) By a finite modal operator in the verbal group That will be John Usuality He’ll sit there all day (2) By a modal adjunct That’s probably John of probability or usuality He usually sits there all day (3) By a combination of (1) and (2) He’ll usually sit there all day That’ll probably be John Modulation (for proposals) Obligation (in a command) (‘allowed to/ supposed to/ required to’) Inclination (in a offer) (‘willing to/ anxious to/ determined to’) Ways to express modulation (1) By a finite modal operator Obligation Inclination You should know that I’ll help them (2) By an expansion of You’re supposed to the Predicator know that (passive verb) I’m anxious to help them (adjective) Notes on modulated and modalized clauses Modulated clauses regularly implicate a third person function as propositions with rhetorical force E.g: John’s supposed to know that Modalized clauses: ambiguous as between proposition and proposal E.g: He must be very careful He must be very careless Orientation in modality Subjective Objective Implicit must certainly Explicit I’m certain that… certainly It is certain that… ABSENCE OF ELEMENTS OF THE MODAL STRUCTURE 6.1 Ellipsis (a) (Will you join the dance?) I might I won’t Subject Finite Predicator Subject Finite Residue Mood Mood Substitution and ellipsis of the Residue (yes/no response) (b) (Who killed Cock Robin?) I (said the sparrow) with my bow and arrow Subject Adjunct Mood Residue Ellipsis of other presupposed elements (WH- response) 6.1 Ellipsis Unmarked Subject and ellipsed elements in clauses Clause Examples Giving clause (offer or statement) (a) Carry your bag? (‘Shall I …?’) - Would you? Thanks (b) Met Fred on the way here (‘I…’) - Did you? Where? Demanding clause (question or command) (c) Seen Fred? (‘have you…?’) -No, I haven’t (d) Play us a tune (‘Will you…?’) - Shall I? Alright Unmarked Subject Ellipsed element (a) Mood (b) Subject “I” Mood ‘you’ 6.2 Minor clauses Minor speech functions realized by minor clauses Examples Exclamations Wow!, Aha!, Yuck!, Ouch! Terrific!, You sod!, God’s boots!, Bugger you!, Calls -Vocatives: Charlie!, You there!, Oh Lord our Heavenly Father,… - Response: ‘yes’ on a rising tone Greetings -Salutations: Hello!, Welcome!, Good morning!,… -Valedictions: Goodbye!, See you!,… -Well-wishings: Your very good health!, Cheers!, Congratulations!, Good shot!,… Alarms (intermediate between major and minor clauses) -Warnings: Look out!, Quick!, Keep off!, -Appeals: Help!, Fire!, Mercy!, A drink!,… Continuatives (in backchanneling) well, oh, yes, no, mmh, aha, sure… CLAUSE AS SUBJECT To argue with the captain was asking for trouble Subject Finite Complement Mood Residue nominal group: clause as Head verbal group nominal group: clause as Head Embedded clause as Subject Doesn’t it worry Finite Sub- Predicator you Complement that you might get stung -ject Residue Mood [nominal group] =2 [nominal group] Embedded clause Subject with anticipatory it MOOD ADJUNCTS Adjuncts of polarity and modality Yes, no, not, probably, maybe, perhaps, usually, sometimes, rarely, willingly, gladly, certainly, definitely, absolutely, by all means… Adjuncts of temporarily Yet, still, already, soon, just, occasionally, mainly, for the most part… Adjuncts of mood Of course, surely, clearly, just, simply, really, in fact, quite, most, nearly, totally, entirely, completely ... tossed back and teapot, hasn’t he? forth carrying the Oh, has he? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t argument? He has/hasn’t/will/might Subject + Finite = the MOOD I wish he had He hasn’t, but he will What... imperative clauses Modality Absence of elements of the modal structure Clause as Subject 4.1 THE NATURE OF DIALOGUE 4.1.1 Functions of a clause A message Theme A clause Rheme An exchange Grammatical... OPERATORS) TEMPORAL OPERATORS Past Present Future Positive Did, was, Does, is, has Will Shall, had, used to would, should Negative Didn’t, Doesn’t, wasn’t, isn’t, hasn’t hadn’t, didn’t use to Won’t,