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Slide 1 Ethnography of communication conversation analysis Group 14 Lê Ngọc Hân (k18A) Nguyễn Thị Anh Thoa (k18C) Bùi Thị Oanh (k18C) Nguyễn Thị Tâm (k18C) Sample analysis Definition Introduction 1 Ethnography of communication Features of EC 1 1 Introduction The EC was developed by Hymes in a series of papers written in the 1960s and 1970s The ethnography of communication (EC) An approach to discourse based in anthropology and linguistics The EC builds a single integrated framework in whic.
Ethnography of communication & conversation analysis Group 14: Lê Ngọc Hân (k18A) Nguyễn Thị Anh Thoa (k18C) Bùi Thị Oanh (k18C) Nguyễn Thị Tâm (k18C) Ethnography of communication Introduction Definition Sample analysis Features of EC 1.1 Introduction • The EC was developed by Hymes in a series of papers written in the 1960s and 1970s • The ethnography of communication (EC): An approach to discourse based in anthropology and linguistics The EC builds a single integrated framework in which communication has a central role in both anthropological and linguistic studies • Not only does it focus on a wider range of communicative behaviors than other approaches, but built into its theory and methodology is an intentional openness to discovery of the variety of forms and functions available for communication 1.2 definition • An Ethnographic approach to discourse seeks to discover and analyze the structures and functions of communicating that organize the use of language in speech situations, events and acts • Knowledge of these structures and functions is part of our communicative competence: What we say and has meaning only within a framework of cultural knowledge (Schiffrin,1994) 1.2 definition “The EC is an approach that seek to open new analytical possibilities (by finding new kinds of data and asking new questions) to propose new theories.” • It seeks to so by analyzing patterns of communication as part of cultural knowledge and behavior • This entails a recognition of both the diversity of communicative possibilities and practices (i.e cultural relativity) and the fact that such practices are an integrated part of what we know and as members of a particular culture (i.e a holistic view of human beliefs and actions) (Dell Hymes:1974) Elements of EC Whether and to what degree something grammatical (linguistic competence) Whether and to what degree something appropriate (social appropriateness) Whether and to what degree something feasible (psycholinguistic limitations) Whether and to what degree something done (observing actual language use) is is is is Classification of Speech Communication • Speech situations, such as ceremonies, evening out, sport evens, bus trips… they are not purely communicative but provide a wider context for speaking • Speech events are activities which are par excellence communicative and governed by rules of speaking, e.g., conversations, lectures, political debates, ritual insults, and so on • Speech acts are the smallest units of the set, e.g orders, jokes, greetings, summonses, compliments, etc.; a speech act may involve more than one move from only one person, e.g., greetings usually involve a sequence of two “moves” Components of Speech events • Hymes proposed a methodology by which to discover “what counts” as communicative events • The methodology is based on the distinction between “emic” and “etic” • The classificatory grid that Hymes (1972) proposed is known as the SPEAKING grid: each letter is an abbreviation for a different possible component of communication SPEAKING GRID GRID (HYMES: (HYMES,1972) SPEAKING 1972) S (Setting) Physical circumstances, subjective definition of an occasion P (Participants) Speaker/addressee/audience/sender/hearer/receiver/ad dressor E (Ends) Purposes and goals, outcomes A (Act sequence) Message form and content K (key) Tone, manner I (instrumentaliti es) channel (verbal, nonverbal, physical), forms of speech drawn from community repertoire N (Norms of interaction and interpretation) Specific proprieties attached to speaking interpretation of norms within cultural belief system G (genre) Textual categories; the kind of speech acts or events S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G Grid • Ex: On the way to classroom, I see Mr Hoa: • Student: Good morning Mr Hoa How are you (smiled and said)? - Teacher: Good morning, I am fine, thanks, and you? Four Features of CA CA uses highly detailed and revealing transcriptions of recorded voice (or video) data that can allow deeper analyses of how people interact The process of transcribing is an important part of the discovery process, and involves repeatedly listening to the recording Transcribing is undertaken with an open mind about what might be there, a process called unmotivated looking Four Features of CA CA is data driven and relies for its claims on the evidence available in the data itself, on what the participants themselves say and do, and just how and when they so as the interaction develops Four Features of CA CA examines what people say and in context, seeing how these actions occur in sequence relative to one another, rather than isolating actions from their contexts of occurrence Basic concepts 3.1 Turn-taking 3.2 Adjacency pair 3.3 Transition Relevance Places 3.4 Pre-sequences 3.1 Turn-taking The set of practices by which a conversation is done in and through turns Turn-taking is one of the fundamental organizations of conversation in which: – – – – – – the speaker-change occurs, mostly, one speaker talks at a time, the transition from one turn to the next is without gap or overlap, the turn order and size is not fixed, the length and topic of contribution is not specified in advance, the current speaker may select another speaker or parties may self-select in starting to talk, • According to CA, the turn-taking system consists of two components: the turn constructional component and the turn allocational component Turn Constructional Component The turn constructional component describes basic units out of which turns are fashioned These basic units are known as turn constructional units or TCUs Unit types include: lexical, clausal, phrasal, and sentential These are grammatically and pragmatically complete units, meaning that in a particular context they accomplish recognizable social actions • E.g.: Kelven: Were you with Nicola last night? Fredrick: With whom? Kelven: Nicola Fredrick: Yes, of course • the turn of Kelven in line is a clausal turnconstructional component • the turn of Fredrick in line and the turn of Kelven in line can both be regarded as the phrasal turn-constructional components • the turn of Fredrick in line can be viewed as lexical turn-constructional component Turn Allocational Component • The turn allocational component describes how turns are allocated among participants in a conversation • The three ordered options are: Current Speaker selects Next Speaker; Next Speaker Self-selects as Next; or Current Speaker Continues • E.g.: Dr Hawk: I would say the color red shows passion in this poem (.) So, how about you? Do you want to say something? Kelven: Well, I would say the red also means romantic • In this example, Kelven is nominated by Dr Hawk to continue the conversation Dr Hawk is obliged to select the next speaker at the transition relevance place – asking students question If Kelven does not respond to Dr Hawk, Dr Hawk - the current speaker, may choose to continue the conversation by himself 3.2 Adjacency pair • A sequence of two utterances, which are adjacent, produced by different speakers, ordered as a first part and second part, so that a first part requires a particular second part or range of second parts • E.g.: Offer – acceptance / refusal Question – answer Greeting – greeting Invitation – acceptance/ denial • E.g.: Conversation 1: Question - answer A: Did you enjoy the meal? B: Yes Conversation 2: Greeting – greeting A: Hello, Mrs Jones B: Hello Doctor 3.3 Transition Relevance Places • A transition is a relay of the right to speak to the next speaker • Thus, TRP can be exploited by the speaker holding the floor directly, for the purpose of allocating the right to speak to a next speaker of his/her choice, or indirectly, by throwing the floor wide open to whoever 3.4 Pre-sequences • A pair of turns understood as a preliminary to the main course of action • The purpose of pre-sequences: Draw participants’ attention Prepare the ground for the kind of turn they are going to take E.g: A: Are you free tonight? B: Yes A: like to go to that film? ... ethnomethodology, the ethnography of communication, variation analysis, communication theory and social psychology (Markee, 2000) Four Features of CA CA is concerned with naturally occurring data of everyday... a conversation during the party is a speech event; a joke within the conversation is a speech act” (Hymes 1972) 1.4 Features of EC • Structure of speech (act, event) as ways of speaking • Analysis. .. be investigated Conversation Analysis Definition Features of CA Basic concepts Definition Inspired by ethnomethodology (e.g Herold Gafinkel and Erving Goffman), Conversation analysis (CA) was